完善洗钱犯罪的几项措施

钱贵


一、扩大洗钱犯罪上游犯罪的范围

　　洗钱犯罪总是发生在某种具有经济目的主罪即上游犯罪之后,其目的是为了掩饰、隐瞒上游犯罪的所得及其收益的非法性质，国际社会和国内刑法设立洗钱罪的主要目的在于预防和打击上游犯罪,而对上游犯罪的种类和范围的规定,则往往综合考虑国际国内同这种犯罪作斗争的实际需要的结果"我国近年来随着经济的快速发展,各种严重的经济犯罪不断呈现,贪污、贿赂等腐败行为已成为社会关注的热点问题,社会群众对这些职务犯罪行为深恶痛绝。近年来,这类犯罪之所以不断上升,数额越来越大,其中一个重要原因就是这类犯罪的洗钱行为未能得到有效的遏制。2003年10月31日,第58届联合国大会通过了《联合国反腐败公约》,我国于同年12月10日签署了该公约,该公约是联合国历史上通过的第一项用于指导国际反腐败斗争的法律文件,对各国加强国内的反腐败行动,提高反腐败成效,促进国际反腐败合作具有重要意义。据报道,截至2003年止,我国有4000名贪官逃往境外,携带资金达50亿美元。为了严厉打击我国现阶段的腐败现象,加强国内外司法机关追查和发现腐败资产转移方面的交流和协作,将贪污、受贿等腐败行为规定为洗钱罪的上游犯罪是非常必要的。

二、增加与洗钱相关的新罪名

　　一个完整的洗钱过程,按照通行观点可以分为三个阶段,即放置阶段、多层次阶段和融合阶段,我国刑法上现有的洗钱罪名只能涵盖洗钱行为的前两个阶段。而对第三个阶段的罪名上则属空白,这样对前面所例举的行为人,明知是特定犯罪所得,但是主观上不是以掩饰!隐瞒特定犯罪的违法所得及其收益为目的,而是为了合法的目的,客观上造成洗钱的后果的却无法以洗钱罪查处,顶多只能以窝藏赃款罪论处。为使洗钱行为的全过程均予以刑事犯罪化,更加有效地打击洗钱犯罪,有必要增立、获取、持有、使用非法收益罪《联合国禁毒公约》第3条第1款)目对在收取财产时,明知财产得自按本款项确定的犯罪或参与此种犯罪而获取、占有或使用该财产的行为规定为犯罪,这就使得在我国刑法上增设获取、使用和持有非法收益罪有了法律上的依据。同时,金融机构的反洗钱措施在短时间内一定程度上有损金融机构自身的利益,为了确保金融机构工作人员认真履行对可疑或大额资金的申报制度,有必要对金融机构工作人员因故意或重大过失对上述资金没有申报,造成严重后果的行为,在刑法中增设不披露信息罪。

三、改进没收规定的立法规范

　　我国《刑法》191条对洗钱犯罪的没收规定,在传统没收没收概念的基础上扩大了没收的范围,将刑法第64条规定没收犯罪分子违法所得的一切财物的直接没收,扩大到没收违法所得及其收益的间接没收。有的学者认为，〈刑法〉第191条规定的没收已经完全履行了〈联合国禁毒公约〉所确立的间接没收措施。但笔者认为我国〈刑法〉191条的没收规定与〈联合国禁毒公约〉所规定的没收还有差距。〈联合国禁毒公约〉确定了三种没收方式即:替代没收,指违法所得或收益已转化或变换成其他财产,应将此种财产视为利益的替代;混合没收:指收益已与合法来源的财产相混合,应没收此混合财产但以不超过所混合的该项收益估计价值为限;利益没收:指从犯罪所得的收益或由收益变换成的财产,或已与收益相混合的财产中取得的收入或其它利益"由于我国刑法只规定没收违法所得及其收益,而未规定没收已与违法所得及其收益相混合的合法财产,所以并未将混合没收包括在内,然而在实践中,犯罪分子为达到掩饰赃款的目的,将非法所得混入合法财产进行洗钱的现象是常见的,如不将此列入没收范围侦查机关将难以查明哪些是合法的财产,哪些是非法的财产,不利于打击洗钱犯罪,故建议将混合没收财产作为没收之列。同时,为了便于侦查、取证、打击犯罪,应顺应〈联合控制洗钱犯罪若干对策研究国禁毒公约〉第5条第七款的规定,可以考虑将财产的合法来源的举证责任予以倒置,而这种举证责任倒置在我国刑法对巨额财产来源不明罪的规定中已有先例"


对外贸易经济合作部


对外贸易经济合作部关于印发《外商投资国际货运代理企业审批管理办法》的通知(附英文)
对外贸易经济合作部




各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市外经贸委、厅：
为了适应对外经济贸易发展的需要，促进国际货物运输代理行业的健康发展，更好地为我国对外经济贸易服务，根据国家有关外商投资企业的法律、法规和利用外资政策，我部制定了《外商投资国际货运代理企业审批办法》，现印发给你们，请按照执行。执行中有何问题和新情况，请
及时向我部反映。

附件：外商投资国际货运代理企业审批办法
第一条 根据国家有关外商投资企业的法律、法规以及有关行业管理的规定，特制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所述的外商投资国际货运代理企业是指接受进出口货物收、发货人的委托，以委托人或者以自己的名义，为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务的外商投资企业。
第三条 中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）是外商投资国际货运代理企业的审批和管理机构。
第四条 设立外商投资国际货运代理企业应有利于对外贸易的发展，有利于公平竞争。
第五条 允许外商以合资、合作方式设立外商投资国际货运代理企业。
第六条 外商投资国际货运代理企业的最低注册资本为：
（一）经营海运业务的，100万美元；
（二）经营空运业务的，80万美元；
（三）经营陆运业务的，60万美元；
（四）外商投资国际货运代理企业经营上述两项或两项以上业务的，其注册资本应根据实际需要作相应增加。
第七条 外商投资国际货运代理企业的经营期限不超过20年。
第八条 经批准，外商投资国际货运代理企业可经营下列部分或全部业务：
贸易与非贸易的海上、陆路、航空进出口货物的国际货运代理业务。包括：
揽货、订舱、包舱、租船、包机、国际多式联运、仓储、集装箱拼装拆箱、缮制单证、签发提单、报关、报验、报检、保险、结算运杂费等业务。
第九条 申请设立外商投资国际货运代理企业的中外方投资者，除必须具备国家有关外商投资企业的法律、法规所规定的条件外，还应符合以下条件：
（一）设立外商投资国际货运代理企业的中外投资者必须是与从事国际货物运输组织工作有关的企业。
（二）投资者须有3年以上经营历史，有与申办业务相适应的经营管理人员及专业人员，有较稳定的货源，有一定数量的货代网点。
第十条 设立外商投资国际货运代理企业按国家现行的有关外商投资企业的法律、法规所规定的程序报外经贸部审批。批准后由外经贸部颁发《外商投资企业批准证书》和《国际货物运输代理企业批准证书》。
中方合营者持外经贸部颁发的批准证书向工商行政管理部门办理企业法人登记注册手续。
第十一条 外商投资国际货运代理企业根据业务发展需要，在正式经营一年，且投资各方出资已全部到位后，可申请在国内其他地方设立分支机构。
设立分支机构，首先应由外商投资国际货运代理企业所在地外经贸部门初审，然后向拟设分支机构所在地外经贸部门征求意见，获得同意后再转报外经贸部审批。
外商投资国际货运代理企业设立分支机构需上报以下文件：
1、企业所在地外经贸部门的转报报告和拟设立分支机构所在地外经贸部门的同意函；
2、董事会关于设立分支机构的决议；
3、企业经营情况报告及设立分支机构的理由和可行性分析；
4、企业验资报告。
拟设立分支机构的外商投资国际货运代理企业应相应增加其注册资本额，分支机构的经营范围应在外商投资国际货运代理企业的经营范围之内。
第十二条 香港、澳门、台湾地区的公司、企业及其他经济组织或个人在大陆投资的国际货运代理企业，参照本办法办理。
第十三条 本办法自印发之日起施行。

Rules of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperationfor Examination and Approval of International Shipping Agents with ForeignInvestment

(Promulgated on February 22, 1995)

Whole document

Rules of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation for
Examination and Approval of International Shipping Agents with Foreign
Investment
(Promulgated on February 22, 1995)
Article 1
These Rules are formulated in accordance with relevant laws and
regulations of the State governing enterprises with foreign investment as
well as regulations concerning trade administration.
Article 2
"International shipping agents" mentioned in the present Rules means
enterprises with foreign investment that handle, on commission of the
consignors and consignees, international shipment and relevant business of
import and export, in the name of their clients or in their own names.
Article 3
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the People's
Republic of China (hereinafter called MOFTEC) shall be the authority for
examination and approval and administration of international shipping
agents with foreign investment.
Article 4
The establishment of an international shipping agent with foreign
investment shall be advantageous to the development of foreign trade and
fair competition.
Article 5
The establishment of an international shipping agent with foreign
investment shall be in the form of either an equity joint venture or a
cooperative joint venture.
Article 6
The minimum registered capital of an international shipping agent with
foreign investment shall be:
(1) US $ 1 million for ocean carriage;
(2) US $ 800 thousand for air transport;
(3) US $ 600 thousand for inland transport; and
(4) any shipping agent with foreign investment engaged in two or more
kinds of business mentioned above shall, correspondingly, increase the
registered capital, depending on the specific requirements.
Article 7
The operation period of an international shipping agent with foreign
investment shall not be longer than twenty years.
Article 8
An international shipping agent with foreign investment may, upon
approval, be engaged in part or all of the following business:
international shipping business for import and export of a trade or
non-trade nature through ocean, inland and air transport, including such
business as:
goods collecting, space booking, space chartering, ship chartering,
plane chartering, international multi-modal transport, storage, LCL and
FCL, document preparation, B/L issuing, declaration at customs,
declaration for inspection, declaration for test, insurance, settlement
of transport overhead charges, etc.

Article 9
Chinese and foreign investors who apply for the establishment of
international shipping agents with foreign investment shall, in addition
to the requirements by the laws and regulations of the State concerning
enterprises with foreign investment, meet the following conditions:
(1) Chinese and foreign investors who apply for the establishment of
international shipping agents with foreign investment shall be enterprises
which are engaged in business relating to international transport of
goods; and
(2) the investors shall be of no less than three years' experience in
this business, with management personnel and an appropriate number of
clients.
Article 10
Application for the establishment of an international shipping agent
with foreign investment shall, in accordance with the procedures provided
for by the state's laws and regulations in force concerning enterprises
with foreign investment be submitted to MOFTEC for examination and
approval. With its approval, MOFTEC shall issue the Certificate of
Approval for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and the Certificate of
Approval for International Shipping Agents accordingly.
The Chinese partner shall go through the procedures with the
department of administration for industry and commerce for registration of
enterprise legal person by providing the certificate of approval issued by
MOFTEC.

Article 11
An international shipping agent with foreign investment may, according
to the needs of business development, apply for the set-up of branches and
subsidiaries in other parts of China after one year's operation and
performance of all of the contributions by the parties.
Application for the set-up of branches and subsidiaries shall, first,
be submitted to the authorities for foreign economic relations and trade
of the places where the shipping agent is located for preliminary
examination, and then for comments to the authorities for foreign
economic relations and trade in the places where the branches and
subsidiaries are intended to be set up and finally to MOFTEC for
examination and approval with the proceeding approval.
An international shipping agent with foreign investment which applies
for the set-up of branches and subsidiaries shall present the following
documents:
(1) airport transmitted by the authority for foreign economic
relations and trade of the place where the shipping agent is located and a
letter of approval by the authority for foreign economic relations and
trade of the place where the branches and subsidiaries are located;
(2) a decision by the board of directors of the shipping agent for the
set-up of branches and subsidiaries;
(3) a report on business situation of the shipping agent and reasons
for such setup and a feasibility study; and
(4) a report of capital verification of the shipping agent.
An international shipping agent which applies for the set-up of
branches and subsidiaries shall increase the registered capital

accordingly, and the business scope of the branches and subsidiaries shall
not be greater than that of the shipping agent.

Article 12
The present Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the international
shipping agents set up in the mainland areas of the People's Republic of
China with investment from companies, enterprises and other economic
entities or individuals in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
Article 13
These Rules shall enter into force as of the date of their
promulgation.



1995年2月22日